工业循环冷却水余能利用及其关键技术

基于工业循环冷却水系统构成方式的研究,归纳出了3种典型的循环水系统:冷热水串联系统、冷热水独立系统和循环水回水开敞式系统.通过对循环冷却水系统中剩余能量的分析发现:无论构成方式如何,其系统余能一般在5~30 m左右,少数可达到50 m左右,都属中低水头余能系统.根据循环冷却水余能特点,提出了3种典型的余能利用方式:水轮-风机组余能利用方式、小型或微型水轮发电装置向外送电的余能利用方式和透平泵余能利用方式.针对3种余能利用方式,指出了各自的关键技术或存在的问题:水轮-风机组的关键是超低比转数水轮机的设计,但其成本较高、效率较低、机型单一,现缺乏对超低比转数水轮机内部流场的研究;余能发电的关键在于水轮机的选型及其循环水的保护和发电机逆功率保护;透平泵的关键是水轮机或者反转水泵的设计,并且水泵反转作水力透平在工作过程、设计理论与方法、流道型式等方面与水轮机存在很大差异.因此,透平泵中透平部分是选反转水泵、水轮机,还是水泵水轮机,应经过经济技术比较才能确定.     

Effects of diatom concentration in prepared feeds on growth and energy budget of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Eight test diets were used in the experiment: seven fresh diatom (Cylindrotheca fusiformis) diets in which diatom occupied 100%, 83.3%, 50%, 33.3%, 20%, 14.3% and 11.1% in dry matter of the feeds (marked as D100, D83, D50, D33, D20, D14 and D11), and a formulated diet (70% Sargassum thunbergii powder, 20% sea mud and 10% fish meal, based on dry weight, marked as ST). The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the animals fed diets D33, D20, D14 and D11 were not significantly different from the SGR of those fed diet ST. However, the energy allocated to growth for the animals fed with diet D14 was twice that of diet ST. For sea cucumbers fed diet D14 the largest expenditure part was allocated to respiration (55.4%), but for those fed diet ST, the largest part was allocated to faeces (62.7%). The organic content of diet D14 was also much lower than that of diet ST. Frozen diatom diets containing 14% (dry matter weight) fresh diatom could be an environmentally friendly feed as an alternative option for macroalgae powder.     

新疆碳排放估算及其特征分析

由于二氧化碳有较长的寿命年限及超高排放量,已成为温室效应的标志性气体。依据IPCC（2006）自上而下一阶估算的参考方法,计算得出新疆2003-2011年能源消费产生的二氧化碳量,结果表明：该地区二氧化碳排放量逐年迅速增长,主要表现为固体燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳的增长,且排放量较高的重点行业主要以化工、电力、钢铁、水泥为代表的高耗能行业。结合新疆能源、经济及环境现状,提出了建立市场准入机制、碳交易机制、优化产业结构及提高能源利用效率等一系列促进新疆低碳经济发展的相关建议。     

The dietary regime of detritivorous fish from the River Jacaré Pepira, Brazil

The diet of detritivorous fish was analysed at four distinct habitats in a tropical river during the wet and dry seasons. Two methodologies were used to determine the diet of the fish: (1) the direct analysis of the stomach contents; and (2) the use of stable carbon isotopes. Both methods indicated food partitioning among the fish. The stomach contents showed what the fish had ingested when captured and the ¹³C isotope indicated what it had assimilated over a long period of time. The ¹³C isotope suggested the existence of sectional differences in the feeding of the detritivorous fish along the river. Plants employing the C₄ photosynthesis pathways seem to have little influence on the diet of these fish. This method proved to be more appropriate for the detection of the main food sources of the captured fish.     

池塘生态系统能量流动的基本过程

池塘是一个复杂的多通道能流系统,不能简单地用营养级将其组分进行划分。这种多通道结构在渔业生产上具有重要意义。当某一环节发生问题,可以通过其它渠道进行补救,不致使系统崩溃。在生长季节里鲢和鳙分别由碎屑同化的能量占各自总生产力的46％和63％,碎屑食物链在池塘鱼类生产上起着重要的作用,池塘的草牧食物链和碎屑食物链二者相互平行,相互转化。     

高强度聚乙烯拖网网具性能的研究

对４顶单船中层拖网和双船底拖网的前部以高强度聚乙烯网线替代常规聚乙烯网线,依田内渔具模型试验准则制成模型网,进行水池对比试验。结果表明,在其它条件不变的前提下,应用高强度聚乙烯网线的拖网与原生产网相比,在２．５～４．５ｋｎ拖速下,网具阻力可平均下降６．５％～１６．２％,网口垂直扩张可提高０．９％～２５．７％,能耗系数下降１４．５％～３３．５％。     

Seasonal changes in respiration rates of copepodite stage V Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus)

Copepodite stage V Calanus finmarchicus were collected at locations on the continental shelf north of Scotland, in the Faroe–Shetland Channel and west of Ireland on six occasions covering winter, spring and summer from October 1993 to June 1995. Oxygen consumption by the overwintering and active spring/summer population of animals was determined at temperatures close to in situ temperatures. Laboratory measurements of oxygen consumption were also made at standardized temperatures (0°C, 5°C, 7°C and 12.5°C) to determine the sensitivity of animals to temperature change in the different seasons. Rates of oxygen consumption were very low (7–30 μmol O₂ gC⁻¹ h⁻¹) at in situ temperatures during the winter and early spring and significantly higher (105–219 μmol O₂ gC⁻¹ h⁻¹) for the active surface population in May and June. Animals collected from the overwintering population showed no significant response to changes in temperature. Due to the low respiration rates, the calculated rate of decrease in carbon content in diapausing copepodite stage CV was very low (approximately 0.250 μgC day⁻¹). The respiration rates were used to construct a model to estimate survival of the animals with an initial carbon content equivalent to that expected of animals in October. The results showed that in order to survive during winter and have enough energy for moulting and migration to the surface in the spring, these animals have to live at temperatures close to 0°C and be in a diapause state.     

基于能值分析的哈尔滨所辖市县土地资源生态安全评价

科学评价城市扩张冲击下所辖市县的土地资源生态安全,对合理利用土地资源,促进城市所辖市县经济、社会、生态持续稳定健康发展具有重要意义。以哈尔滨所辖市县为研究区,运用能值分析法和“压力—状态—影响—响应（PSIR）”模型构建土地资源生态安全评价体系和土地资源生态安全可持续能值指数（EULESI）,结合可持续发展能值指数（EISD）与EULESI进行相关性分析,从而对2004—2011年研究区近8 a土地资源生态安全状态进行评价。结果表明:（1）可持续发展能值指标（EISD）与EULESI二者相关性系数为0.84,具有极强相关性,相较于EISD指数,EULESI指数对土地资源生态安全评价研究更具有敏感性和代表性,同时作为评价土地资源生态安全水平指标具有科学性,可用于其他类似地区的相关研究评价指标;（2）2004—2011年城市扩张后的研究区土地资源生态安全总体呈递减趋势,土地资源生态安全水平波动较大,处于较不稳定发展阶段,总体处于较不安全水平。具体而言,2004—2006年研究区土地资源生态安全处于较安全水平;2007—2008年处于较不安全水平;2009—2010年均处于临界安全水平;2011年数值为近8 a来最低值,处于较不安全水平,土地资源生态环境受到严重威胁。总而言之,能值分析法能够客观揭示各个指标自身涵义,有效避免评价过于主观性,研究结果符合研究区实际情况。     

低共熔离子液体改性木质素-酚醛树脂的热解和热解动力学研究

采用氯化锌/乙酰胺低共熔离子液(DES)处理2种木质素,加水作为反相溶剂得到再生木质素。研究用其替代部分苯酚制备木质素改性酚醛树脂(LPF)的基本性能变化,结合热重分析法(TGA)分析树脂的热解特性,引入Flynn-WallOzawa模型量化了树脂的表观活化能。结果表明,经该DES处理前后的磨木木质素和酶解木质素均可在保持树脂基本性能稳定的前提下替代20%苯酚制备LPF。升温速率β影响树脂的热分解过程,4种LPF的初始分解温度、热解过程所需的活化能均高于未改性酚醛树脂(PF),特别是经氯化锌/L酰胺DES处理后的再生磨木木质素改性酚醛树脂(RMLPF),其热降解温度更高,残炭率更多,热解过程所需的活化能比PF高出2~4倍,热稳定性明显提高。     

一种可用于评估土壤团聚体稳定性的超声能量法

团聚体稳定性是土壤质量的重要指标。鉴于当前团聚体稳定性难以定量的研究现状,本文提出一个可定量评估土壤团聚体稳定性的超声能量法,并与传统Yoder湿筛法对比分析了稳定性土样(浙江潮土、重庆黄壤土、江西红壤)和弱稳定性土样(河北壤土和黑龙江暗棕壤)五种典型土壤的5~3mm粒级团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和团聚体粒径分布(ASD)。结果表明:(1)测试土样的稳定性为潮土红壤黄壤土暗棕壤壤土;(2)超声能量法分散强度大,分散效率高,更适用于稳定性土样的评估,对于弱稳定性土样的评估则不如传统Yoder湿筛法。因此,评估土壤团聚体稳定性时可以选择合适的测量方法以提高分辨精度,即强稳定性土壤对比分析应选用超声能量法,而弱稳定性土壤对比分析则可以用Yoder湿筛法。